The effect of RNA interfering TLR4 signal pathway on phagocytosis of Kupffer cells / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of RNA interfering TLR4 signal pathway on phagocytosis of Kupffer cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>RAW2647 mice mononuclear macrophage leukemia cells were observed. The tested group was interfered by Tlr4-mus-1567 RNA which had the best result confirmed by QPCR, cells interfered by Negative Control RNA as NC group, and normal cell as control. We perform the phagocytosis test on each group.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The tested group has lower phagocytes percentage than control (17.67% +/- 3.51% vs 32.00% +/- 3.00%, P < 0.01), and lower phagocytic index (46.33% +/- 7.51% vs 82.00% +/- 6.08%, P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Decreased phagocytic activity was observed on Kupffer cells by RNA interference.</p>

Activation of Kupffer cell and related signal pathway proteins in the liver of high fat and high fructose diet induced NAFLD mice / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the expression of F4/80, NF-kappaB, p-AKT, AKT in the liver of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) mice. To determine the role of Kupffer cells (KCs) in the development of NASH (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis), and understand the pathogenic mechanism of NASH.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Five C3H/HeN mice fed with normal diet were served as controls, while fifteen fed with high fat, high fructose, high fat combined fructose diet respectively for 16 weeks were as NAFLD mice models. The liver inflammation and hepatic damage were examined, and the expression of F4/80, NF-Kb, p-AKT, AKT and the content of lipid in the liver were also detected.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Chronic intake of high fat and 30% fructose solution caused a significant increase in hepatic steatosis in animals in comparison to water controls. Liver F4/80 and NF-kappaB were significantly higher in high fat and high fat combined fructose diet fed mice than that in controls (P < 0.01, P < 0.01), F4/80 protein were higher in high fat diet treated mice than those in fructose and high fat combined fructose groups (P < 0.01, P < 0.01). Markers of insulin resistance (e. g, hepatic phospho-AKT, AKT) were only altered in fructose-fed or high fat combined fructose animals (P < 0.01, P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>High fat and fructose diet may induce NAFLD in C3H/HeN mice. Kupffer cells and signal pathway proteins were activated, and they may play key roles in the initiation and progression of NASH.</p>

Protective effects of rhein on hepatic progression in HBV-transgenic mice with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis induced by a high-fat diet / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the beneficial effects of Rhein (RH) on hepatic progression in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-transgenic mice with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis induced by a high-fat (HF) diet.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A mice model of HBV chronic infection concomitant with liver steatosis was induced by a HF diet in 4-week old HBV-transgenic mice for 16 weeks (n = 130). Thereafter, the mice were divided randomly into control group (back to normal chow), model group (continuing HF diet), RH group [continuing HF diet and administering with 120 mg/(kg x d) RH by gavage] and Essentiale group [continuing HF diet and administering with 69.2 mg/(kg x d) Essentiale by gavage] with 30 mice in each, and were sacrificed at the end of 24-week and 48-week respectively. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) were measured by an automatic biochemical analyzer, and serum HBV-DNA was determined with qPCR. Hepatic histology was evaluated by HE staining with a light microscope.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) An histological change composed of steatosis, lymphocytes intralobular infiltration and ballooning was observed after 48 weeks feeding of HF diet, in part mimicking that of NASH patients as evidenced by a NAFLD activity score (NAS) of 3.58 +/- 1.44 points. (2) Histologically, the NAS of model group was higher than that of control group at both time points. RH failed to lessen NAS whereas Essentiale improved the NAS at 48-week. (3) Serum levels of TC, TG and FPG were significantly different between 4 groups at 24-week, with a comparable low value in both RH and Essentiale group. A similar change was evident at 48-week. (4) In terms of HBV viral load, a significantly lower level in Essentiale group than the others was observed at both time points.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>HF diet feeding is able to induce a mouse model of HBV chronic infection concomitant with NASH. RH is effective in alleviating the glucose and lipid metabolism but ineffective in improving the hepatic histology in this model, in contrast, backing to normal chow achieved a better effect in this aspect.</p>

Model building-up and observation on the mouse carried chronic hepatitis B and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Establish the model of mouse with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Take 100 HBV transgenic, BALB/c mice of 4 weeks old, with each gender half. Then pick out 70 mice in one group to feed high-fat feed and the rest to feed normal feed. At the end of week 16, random kill 10 mice of high-fat, then liver tissue and serological detection target identification model is established in this paper. After that, divide the mice into model group and comparison group with 30 mice in each group. Feed model group with high-fat feed, comparison group with normal feed and normal group with normal feed till week 72 (including previous 16 weeks). Kill 10 mice of each group at the end of week 24, 48 and 72 respectively, fully automatic biochemical instrument detection of serum ALT, AST, TC, TG, FBG, fluorescence quantitative PCR method to detect HBV-DNA, chemiluminescence detection of HBsAg, liver biopsy after HE staining to evaluate histology change, observe mice model of dynamic evolution.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) Feed high fat feed after 16 weeks, mice's weight, serum ALT, AST, TC, TG, FBG and blood biochemical indicators increased, HBV-DNA positive, liver HE staining obviously big blister fatty degeneration of liver cells and within the lobule lymphocytes infiltration, NAFLD activity score (NAS) getting close to NASH, the model of chronic HBV carries with NAFLD mouse built successfully. (2) The TC and TG values of model group in each period were higher than that of comparison group and normal group. (3) In week 24 and 72, HBV-DNA values of each group are obvious different from the other two groups and the difference can be applied to statistical significance (P < 0.05). (4) In week 48 and 72, NAS of each group are obvious different from the other two groups and the difference can be applied to statistical significance (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>(1) Chronic HBV carries with NAFLD mice model can be established by HBV transgenic mice fed by high fat feed. (2) NAFLD accelerates the liver disease of the mice carrying HBV to some extent.</p>

Analysis of different proteins expression between papillary thyroid carcinoma and normal thyroid tissue / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>In order to understand the mechanisms of tumor development and identify potential new biomarkers of human papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the different proteins expression were investigated and analyzed between PTC and normal thyroid tissue.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>By using immobilized pH gradient (IPG)-based two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), the total proteins were separated and 2-DE maps were established for PTC and normal thyroid tissue, respectively. The differential protein spots were analyzed with Image Master 2D Elite5.0 software, then the peptide mass fingerprinting of different expressed proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF-MS/MS. Also, the functions of the differential expressed proteins were identified through Swiss-port database searching.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The 2-DE maps of PTC and normal thyroid tissue was established. Sixty differential protein spots were found by image software and seventeen proteins were identified with MALDI-TOF-MS. The biological information of these proteins was identified through Swiss-port database. In comparison with normal thyroid tissue, a total of eleven proteins were up-regulated such as Cyclin-D2, Manganese SOD and Galectin-3; while six proteins were down-regulated including Peroxiredoxin-2, Hsp70 and Hsp27. Among those up-regulated proteins, some of them were related to cell cycle control, cellular metabolism and invasion and metastasis of the tumor.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Group of differential expressed proteins between PTC and normal thyroid tissue was identified. These proteins may participate in the tumorigenesis and development of PTC through contributing to cell cycle, invasion, metastasis and cellular metabolism.</p>

Role of level VI lymph nodes metastasis in cervical metastasis of patients with papillary thyroid cancer / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the features of level VI lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and the distribution of metastatic lymph nodes in the neck levels, and to provide evidences for the treatments of cervical metastasis in patients with PTC.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Ninety-seven PTC cases were reviewed retrospectively. The tumors in all cases were limited to one side lobe. Of them, 72 patients were cN0 and 25 patients were cN+; 32 patients with tumors ≤ 1 cm and 65 patients with tumors > 1 cm. Pathological examinations of frozen biopsies of level III and IV lymph nodes were taken in the operation. The extent of lymph node dissection depending on pathological examination results of level III and IV lymph nodes and the size and location of the tumor. For the patients with metastatic lymph nodes in level III and IV, the modified neck dissection including level VI was performed. Ipsilateral VI lymph node dissection was performed for the patients with tumors ≤ 1 cm and bilateral VI lymph node dissection for the patients with tumors > 1 cm or with extra-thyroidal invasion.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In 97 patients, 122 sides of VI lymph node dissection were performed. Positive nodes in level VI were found in 45.1% (55/122) patients. The positive rates of nodes metastases in level VI were 45.8% (33/72) for 72 patients with cN0 and 76.0% (19/25) for 25 patients with cN+ respectively, with a significant difference statistically (χ(2) = 6.790, P = 0.009). Positive rates of node metastases in level VI were 65.0% (13/20) in 10 patients with extra-thyroidal invasion and 41.2% (42/102) in 77 patients without extra-thyroidal invasion respectively, with a significant difference statistically (χ(2) = 3.833, P = 0.047). Positive rate of node metastasis in level VI was 43.8% (14/32) in 32 patients with tumors ≤ 1cm. Of 65 patients with tumors > 1cm, ipsilateral and bilateral node metastasis rates were 69.2% (45/65) and 23.1% (15/65) respectively, with a significant difference statistically (χ(2) = 5.843, P = 0.016).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Cervical lymph node metastasis in level VI can occur at early stage of PTC. The patients with extra-thyroidal invasion were prone to have lymph node metastasis in level VI. Ipsilateral positive nodes in level VI can exist in the patients with tumors ≤ 1 cm, while bilateral positive nodes in level VI can occur in the patients with tumors > 1 cm. The cervical lymph node metastasis of PTC may take place in level VI alone or in level VI and in lateral neck levels simultaneously. Pathological examinations of frozen biopsies of level III and IV lymph nodes should be taken for PTC patients, when the presence of positive lymph node, the modified neck dissection including level VI should be performed.</p>

Esophageal voice training and quality of life in laryngectomees / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the extensive and degree of physical rehabilitation improvement of the quality of life in laryngectomees.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty nine patients who underwent total laryngectomies were trained by esophageal voice rehabilitation successfully. The questionnaires of performance status scale for head and neck cancer patients (PSS-HN) and the functional assessment of head and neck cancer therapy (FACT-H&N) were answered by them before esophageal voice training and 3 months after successful vocal rehabilitation.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Total laryngectomy deteriorated the quality of life in laryngectomees. The mean scores of PSS-HN scale and FACT-H&N questionnaire were lower than the criteria scores after patients underwent total laryngectomy, the mean score were 131. 4,90.6 respectively, the difference was significant statistically (t =53. 673, P <0.001) , (t = 67.44, P <0.001). After successful esophageal speech training, the mean scores of the laryngectomees were improved both in PSS-HN scale and FACT-H&N which were 240.4 and 103.7 respectively, the difference was significant statistically (t = 18.209, P < 0.001) , (t = 21.389, P<0.001).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The quality of life in laryngectomees can be improved by physical rehabilitation and the esophageal voice training.</p>

Distribution of cervical lymph node metastasis in well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the distribution of cervical lymph nodes metastases in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma, explore the surgical modality of the neck of cN + cervical node metastasis and evaluate the role of preoperative ultrasonography in detecting of cervical metastases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data were reviewed retrospectively from medical records between July 2003 and July 2005, in which 93 patients (113 sides) of differentiated thyroid carcinoma patients with cN + cervical lymph nodes metastasis. Patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1, 64 cervical sides with preoperative palpable cervical lymph nodes; group 2, 49 cervical sides with impalpable node but preoperative ultrasonic positive nodal metastasis. All the pathologic specimens were reviewed by pathologists counting the numbers of pathologic positive nodes and mapping localization of positive nodes in level II, III, IV, V and VI respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In 93 patients 21.5% (20/93) of those metastasize bilaterally. In those 113 sides specimens 92 sides (81.4%) involved multi-sites in the neck. The distribution of metastasized nodes were; level II, 60.2% (68/113); level III, 70.8% (80/113); level IV,61.9% (70/113); level VI, 58.4% (66/113); level V, 22.5% (25/113). The numbers of positive nodes of group 1 were more than the number of group 2 (10.1 vs 6.9) and the involved levels of group 1 was also more than the levels of group 2 (3.18 level vs 2.61 level). Preoperative ultrasonography could detect 43.4% (49/113) of lymph nodes metastasis that were missed by palpation in the physical examination.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The distribution of the cervical nodes in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma were multi-levels in the neck and mainly localized in level II , level III, level IV and level VI. Preoperative ultrasonography is a mainstay in detecting of cervical lymph nodes metastasis in thyroid cancer. For patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma of cN + cervical lymph nodes should be undergone modified neck dissection, includes level II, III, IV, V, VI.</p>

Role of preoperative ultrasonography in evaluating early cervical metastasis in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the role of preoperative ultrasonography in detecting early cervical lymph node metastasis in differentiated thyroid carcinoma.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data were reviewed retrospectively from medical records between July 2003 and July 2005, in which patients were divided into 2 groups: group A (study group): 51 (55 sides) patients of differentiated thyroid carcinoma patients with impalpable node but with ultrasonic positive nodal metastasis; group B (control group): 57 (64 sides) patients with preoperative palpable cervical lymph nodes. All patients had been undergone modified neck dissection. The preoperative ultrasonographic results and the preoperative pathologic finding had been compared in group A.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In 51 patients (55 sides of preoperative positive ultrasonography 49 sides had been demonstrated cervical lymph nodes metastasis pathologically. The sensitivity of ultrasonography was 89.1%. Ultrasonography detected cervical lymph node believed to be uninvolved by physical examination in 41.2% of patients. 65.5% of the cervical lymph metastasis was multilevel and the most frequent involvement site was middle neck and the involvement rate was 70.9% in ultrasonography. 75.5% of the cervical lymph metastasis was multilevel and the most frequent involvement site was level Ill (65.3%) in pathologic finding.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Preoperative ultrasonograpy is a mainstay in detecting cervical lymph nodes metastasis in thyroid cancer patients. It can detect the early cervical lymph node metastasis and localize the position of the cervical metastasis. All the thyroid cancer patients should undergo preoperative ultrasonography and the extent of the neck dissection relies on the preoperative ultrasonic finding of the neck.</p>

Surgical therapy of subglottic carcinoma / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the clinical characteristics, surgical procedures and correlated prognostic factors of the cases with subglottic carcinoma; to seek for the optimal surgical treatment for the patients suffering from subglottic carcinoma.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-four cases with subglottic carcinoma were retrospectively reviewed, the disease-free survival rates of the patients at 3 years were analyzed according to the different T N phases and the surgical modalities.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The free-disease survival rate at 3 years was 50.0% (12/24) for 24 cases with subglottic carcinoma. The survival rates of 19 cases with total laryngectomy was 47.4% (9/19), and the survival rates in T2, T3, T4 phases were respectively 1/1, 6/11, 2/7. The survival rates of 5 cases with partial laryngectomy was 3/5, the survival rates in T2, T3 phases were respectively 3/4, 0/1, and the surgical margins were verified to be positive in 2 of 5 cases being performed partial laryngectomy. The metastasis rate of lymph nodes was 33.3% (8/24). The survival rates of patients with N0, N1, N2 disease were respectively 10/16, 1/4, 1/4. The positive lymph nodes were verified in the neck regions of II-VI and superior mediastinum.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Prognoses of the cases with subglottic carcinoma were poor, early treatment could result in good effect. Until now total laryngectomy still the mainly treatment of subglottic carcinoma. Only the patients with earlier subglottic carcinoma are amenable to partial laryngectomy and should be given postoperative irradiation. Lymph node metastasis was a very important prognostic factor. Paratracheal lymph nodes are the sentinel nodes for subglottic carcinoma, and it is reasonable to probe the nodes. Once verifying positive lymph node, the typical neck dissection involving I-VI regions and superior mediastinum should be performed.</p>

Cancer and surgical treatment impact the quality of life in patients with head and neck cancer / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate head and neck cancer and surgical treatment impact the quality of life (QOL).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In this study, 49 cases of head and neck cancer patients were recruited. Among them, 27 cases were laryngeal cancer, 14 cases were tongue cancer and 8 patients were recurrence of nasal pharyngeal cancer after radical radiotherapy. To demonstrate the cancer in different sites of the head and neck impact QOL of the patients in a different way and cancer impact QOL on the physical well-being, social family well-being, emotional well-being, functional well-being of the patients and quality of life (QOL) changed in different time-point before and after operation, QOL was assessed before surgical treatment and at 1,6 months after operation by means of a performance status scale for head and neck cancer patients (PSS-HN) and the functional assessment of cancer therapy head and neck (FACT-H&N) questionnaire.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>QOL deteriorated significantly in head and neck cancer patients. Cancer in different sites impact on QOL differently especially in patients with tongue cancer (PSS-HN P = 0.0361, FACT-H&N P = 0.0487). Head and neck cancer impact QOL on the physical well-being, social family well-being, emotional well-being, functional well-being of the patients in FACT-H&N questionnaire especially for emotional well-being domains (F = 2.78, P = 0.0311). The QOL in patients deteriorated by surgical treatment and it could be improved following the time. At the 6 months after operation it nearly reached the same scores that assessed before the operation (PSS-HN t = 2.03, P = 0.1120 FACT-H&N t = 1.03, P = 0.1180). Different surgical approaches and different reconstruction methods have different impact on QOL for patients. Laryngeal cancer patients with partial laryngectomy were 107.20 in FACT-H&N while total laryngectomees were 97. 71 at the 6 months after operation, with statistically difference (t = 3.02, P = 0.0430). Tongue cancer patients without reconstruction were 119. 24 in FACT-H&N while the others with reconstruction were 111.39 at the 6 months after operation (t = 3.00, P = 0.0472).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The QOL in head and neck cancer patients can be assessed by the questionnaire and it can be improved by selecting treatment regimen, surgical approaches and reconstructive methods.</p>